Difference between revisions of "Projects/Audit"

Revision as of 08:52, 31 July 2013

Purpose

Create an Audit infrastructure within MIT Kerberos to monitor security related events on the KDC. In future expand Kerberos Audit facility to the application servers, kadmin if it remains desirable.

Requirements

The new audit system should be:

• build-time enabled;
• run-time pluggable;
• simple and flexible, so it could be easily replaced with the OS specific and third-parties implementations;

Events

(Common Criteria Class FIA)

This section details the categories of the auditable events and the associated data.

1. Startup and shutdown of the KDC must be recorded by audit system;

2. AS_REQ and TGS_REQ:

The implementors of audit plugin will be able to extract the following auditable information:

KDC request:

requested service principal;

client’s principal;

KDC options;

requested ticket start, end and renew_till times;

list of requested addresses;

requested enctypes;

preauth types

KDC reply:

preauth types;

TGT, referral TGT or service ticket with the following level of details:

client and server principals;

flags;

start, end and renew_till times;

authtime;

authentication path - encoded list of transited realms for service ticket or referral TGT (for TGS only);

Other events to consider for the future development:

3. Policy

Policies violation - event description, reason and how to fix it;

4. Secrets (Common Criteria FCS_CKM.1, FCS_CKM.4);

long- and short-term keys creation, manipulation, cleaning.

Design details

Ticket ID

Ticket ID is recorded as part of audit messages. This allows to link tickets to their initial TGT at any stage of the Kerberos exchange.

For the purpose of this project we will create a private to KDC ticket ID: each successfully created ticket will be hashed and recorded into audit log. The administrators will correlate the primary and derived ticket IDs after the fact.

For the future, however, we need a more complex system that would allow to tie the tickets from a successful AS_REQ all the way to the application server. It is marked as an action item in this section.

Request ID

Request ID - hash of the request is recorded as part of audit messages. Using this piece of information an administrator can easily correlate multiple audit events related to a single request.

KDC facing API

/* Audit plugin loaded/unloaded */
krb5_error_code 
load_audit_plugin(krb5_context context);
krb5_error_code 
unload_audit_plugin(krb5_context context);
krb5_boolean
kau_isloaded(krb5_context context);
/* event specific functions */
krb5_error_code
kau_kdc_start(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status);
krb5_error_code
kau_kdc_stop(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status);
krb5_error_code
kau_asreq(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status, audit_state *state);
krb5_error_code
kau_tgsreq(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status, audit_state *state);
krb5_error_code
kau_s4u2self(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status,  audit_state *state);
krb5_error_code
kau_s4u2proxy(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status, audit_state *state);
krb5_error_code
kau_u2u(krb5_context context, const int event_id, const int status, audit_state *state);
/* utilities */
krb5_error_code
kau_init_kdc_req(krb5_context context, krb5_kdc_req *request,  const krb5_fulladdr *from, audit_state **au_state);
krb5_error_code
kau_make_tkt_id(krb5_context context, const krb5_ticket *ticket, char **out);
krb5_error_code
kau_make_req_id(krb5_context context, const krb5_kdc_req *request, char **out);

where event_id references to the Phase (left column of events table), and audit_state structure holds the following information:

typedef struct _audit_state {
   krb5_kdc_req *req_in;   /* request in the original form */
   krb5_kdc_req *req_mod;  /* modified (per protocol) request */
   krb5_kdc_rep  *reply;
   const krb5_fulladdr *from;
   const char    *status; /* KDC status message */
   char *tkt_in_id;       /* primary (TGT) ticket ID */
   char *tkt_out_id;      /* derived (service or referral TGT) ticket ID */
   char *evid_tkt_id;     /* for s4u2proxy - user's evidence ticket ID, for u2u - TGT ticket ID */
   char *req_in_id;       /* original-request ID */
   char *req_mod_id;      /* modified-request ID */
   krb5_int32 sess_etype; /* session key enctype */
   krb5_int32 srv_etype;  /* enctype of the long-term key of service */
   krb5_int32 rep_etype;  /* reply-encrypting key enctype */
   krb5_boolean tkt_renewed;
   krb5_boolean tkt_validated;
   /* referrals */
   krb5_data *cl_realm;   /* remote client's realm */
   /* s4u and u2u */
   krb5_principal s4u2self_user;  /* impersonated user */
   krb5_principal s4u2proxy_user; /* delegated user */
   krb5_principal u2u_user;       /* client for the second ticket */
   char *violation;               /* local or protocol policy problem */
} audit_state;

Pluggable interface

/* Audit plugin vtable */
typedef struct krb5_audit_vtable_st {
   /* Mandatory: name of module. */
   char                 *name;
   int                   conf_options;
   kau_open_fn           open;
   kau_close_fn          close;
   kau_kdc_start_fn      kdc_start;
   kau_kdc_stop_fn       kdc_stop;
   kau_as_req_fn         as_req;
   kau_tgs_req_fn        tgs_req;
   kau_s4u2self_fn       tgs_s4u2self;
   kau_s4u2proxy_fn      tgs_s4u2proxy;
   kau_u2u_fn            tgs_u2u;;
} *krb5_audit_vtable;
 
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_open_fn)(kau_ctx *au_ctx);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_close_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_kdc_start_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_kdc_stop_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_as_req_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status, audit_state *state);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_tgs_req_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status, audit_state *state);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_s4u2self_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status,  audit_state *state);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_s4u2proxy_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status,  audit_state *state);
typedef krb5_error_code
(*kau_u2u_fn)(kau_ctx au_ctx, const int event_id, int status, audit_state *state);

JSON based audit module

We will use libaudit module available on Fedora, Debian, SuSe for the first round. The new JSON utility library will be built to parse Kerberos specific structures. The "simple" audit module will be statically linked to this library.

The following is a proposed Dictionary - the basic field names for JSON parsing:

Configuration

The following ./configure option to be added:

--with-audit-plugin

For example, --with-audit-plugin=simple, where simple is the name of the audit plugin module

Test

Python test system will become aware of the existence of "simple" json-based audit plugin module. Running "make check" will result in storing audit messages into audit log file.

Future work

1. Standardize a Ticket ID;
2. Make reporting auditable events configurable. For example, one can choose to report TGS_REQ, but not AS_REQ;
3. Sanitize KDC request and KDC reply before passing them to the concrete audit implementation: security sensitive information should not leave KDC boundaries;
4. Develop audit system for Preauth and Authdata mechanisms.

References

1. Common Criteria for Information Technology Security Evaluation http://www.commoncriteriaportal.org/files/ccfiles/CCPART2V3.1R4.pdf
2. Oracle Solaris Auditing http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19963-01/html/821-1456/auditov-1.html
3. Understanding Linux Audit http://doc.opensuse.org/products/draft/SLES/SLES-security_sd_draft/cha.audit.comp.html
4. Advanced Security Audit Policy Settings http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd772712(v=ws.10).aspx
5. Events Classification in Log Audit http://airccse.org/journal/nsa/0410ijnsa5.pdf
6. CEE Log Syntax (CLS) Encoding http://cee.mitre.org/language/1.0-beta1/cls.html